Geography & Culture · free reference

North America (with Central America and the Caribbean): countries, capitals and cultures

23 countries, one section each, A to Z. Every fact lists its source, and you can share a link to any country. Territories and other places are listed after the countries.

BahamasBelizeCanadaCosta RicaCubaDominican RepublicGreenlandGuatemalaHondurasHaitiJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaPanamaPuerto RicoEl SalvadorTrinidad and TobagoUnited States
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Flag of Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda

Caribbean#antigua-and-barbuda

Capital
St. John's[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Three islands: Antigua, Barbuda and the uninhabited rock of Redonda[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Festival or tradition
Antigua Carnival Festival[5]
Landmark
Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites UNESCO World Heritage site[6]
Game or sport
Cricket[7]
Did you know?
Barbuda is home to a large bird sanctuary.[2]
Sources (7)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Antigua-and-Barbuda (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Antigua-and-Barbuda (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Antigua and Barbuda Tourism Authority · visitantiguabarbuda.com/traditional-cuisine-of-antigua-and-barbuda (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ag (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Bahamas

Bahamas

Caribbean#bahamas

Capital
Nassau[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Mount Alvernia (63 m) on Cat Island, the highest point; there are no rivers[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Conch, eaten as conch salad, cracked conch and conch chowder[5]
Festival or tradition
Junkanoo, a street parade held on Boxing Day and New Year's Day Festival[6]
Landmark
Inagua National ParkOn the UNESCO Tentative List (not inscribed). The Bahamas has no inscribed World Heritage property.[7]
Game or sport
Sloop sailing, designated the national sport in 2023[8]
Did you know?
The Bahamas is made up of about 700 islands and many small cays.[2]
Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/The-Bahamas (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/The-Bahamas (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. The Bahamas Ministry of Tourism · bahamas.com/blog/5-ways-to-eat-conch-in-the-bahamas (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. The Bahamas Ministry of Tourism · www.bahamas.com/junkanoo (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/bs (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Office of the Prime Minister, The Bahamas · opm.gov.bs/?p=288998 (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Barbados

Barbados

Caribbean#barbados

Capital
Bridgetown[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Mount Hillaby (340 m), the highest point[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Flying fish with cou-cou, the national dish[5]
Festival or tradition
Crop Over, celebrating the end of the sugar cane harvest (late June to early August) Festival[6]
Landmark
Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Game or sport
Cricket[8]
Did you know?
Barbados is almost encircled by coral reefs.[2]
Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Barbados (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Barbados (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Barbados Tourism Marketing Inc. · www.visitbarbados.org/barbadian-local-cuisine (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. Barbados Tourism Marketing Inc. · www.visitbarbados.org/discover/barbados-life/festivals (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/bb (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Belize

Belize

Central America#belize

Capital
Belmopan[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1][2]
Landform or river
Victoria Peak (1,122 m), the highest point[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Rice and beans with stewed chicken, a staple Sunday dinner[5]
Festival or tradition
Christmas Bram and Sambai of Gales Point Manatee Festival[6]
Landmark
Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Did you know?
The Belize Barrier Reef is the world's second largest barrier reef.[2]
Sources (7)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Belize (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Belize (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Belize Tourism Board: 5 Creole must-eats · www.travelbelize.org/?p=5235 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/christmas-bram-and-sambai-of-gales-point-manatee-belize-02298 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/bz (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Canada

Canada

Northern America#canada

Capital
Ottawa[2][3]RAE gives the Spanish form "Otawa".
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
St. Lawrence River[2]
Languages
English (official), French (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Poutine: french fries topped with cheese curds and gravy, from Quebec[5]
Landmark
Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage site[6]
Game or sport
Ice hockey (national winter sport) and lacrosse (national summer sport)[7]
Did you know?
Its border with the United States is the longest border in the world not patrolled by military forces.[2]

Read the full Canada guide

Sources (7)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Canada (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Canada (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. The Canadian Encyclopedia (Historica Canada) · www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/poutine (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ca (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. Government of Canada: Official symbols of Canada · www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-symbols-canada.html (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Costa Rica

Costa Rica

Central America#costa-rica

Capital
San José[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
A chain of volcanic mountains through the central highlands[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Festival or tradition
Painted oxcarts, which still appear in parades and festivals Tradition[5]
Landmark
Area de Conservación Guanacaste UNESCO World Heritage site[6]
Did you know?
Costa Rica has plant and animal species found in both North America and South America.[2]
Sources (6)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Costa-Rica (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Costa-Rica (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oxherding-and-oxcart-traditions-in-costa-rica-00103 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/cr (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Cuba

Cuba

Caribbean#cuba

Capital
Havana[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Turquino Peak, the highest point[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Food
Cassava bread (casabe)[5]
Festival or tradition
Las Parrandas, a festivity in central Cuba Festival[6]
Landmark
Old Havana and its Fortification System UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Game or sport
Baseball[8]
Did you know?
The main island of Cuba is about 1,250 km (777 miles) long.[2]

Read the full Cuba guide

Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Cuba (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Cuba (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-and-practices-for-the-making-and-consumption-of-cassava-bread-02118 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/festivity-of-las-parrandas-in-the-centre-of-cuba-01405 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre · whc.unesco.org/en/list/204/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica: baseball · www.britannica.com/sports/baseball (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Dominica

Dominica

Caribbean#dominica

Capital
Roseau[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Layou River, which drains the central plain of a mountainous island[2]
Languages
English (official), French patois is also spoken[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Festival or tradition
World Creole Music Festival (three evenings from the last Friday in October) Festival[5]
Landmark
Morne Trois Pitons National Park UNESCO World Heritage site[6]
Game or sport
Cricket[7]
Did you know?
Dominica lies between the French islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique.[2]
Sources (7)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Dominica (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Dominica (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Discover Dominica Authority · discoverdominica.com/events/12/world-creole-music-festival (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dm (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Dominican Republic

Dominican Republic

Caribbean#dominican-republic

Capital
Santo Domingo[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1][2]
Landform or river
Cibao Valley and the Central Highlands[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Food
Cassava bread (casabe)[5]
Festival or tradition
Merengue music and dance Tradition[6]
Landmark
Colonial City of Santo Domingo UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Game or sport
Baseball[8]
Did you know?
Duarte Peak (3,175 m) is the highest point in the West Indies.[2]

Read the full Dominican Republic guide

Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Dominican-Republic (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Dominican-Republic (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-and-practices-for-the-making-and-consumption-of-cassava-bread-02118 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/music-and-dance-of-the-merengue-in-the-dominican-republic-01162 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/do (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica: baseball · www.britannica.com/sports/baseball (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of El Salvador

El Salvador

Central America#el-salvador

Capital
San Salvador[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
Two volcanic mountain ranges[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Festival or tradition
The Confraternity of flowers and palms Festival[5]
Landmark
Joya de Cerén Archaeological Site UNESCO World Heritage site[6]
Did you know?
El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America.[2]

Read the full El Salvador guide

Sources (6)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/El-Salvador (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/El-Salvador (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-confraternity-of-flowers-and-palms-02240 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/sv (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Grenada

Grenada

Caribbean#grenada

Capital
St. George's[2][3]RAE gives "Saint George"; the English name is St. George's.
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Mount St. Catherine (840 m), the highest point[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Oil down, the national dish: a one-pot stew with coconut milk, ground provisions, callaloo and spices[5]
Landmark
St. George's Historic DistrictOn the UNESCO Tentative List (not inscribed). Grenada has no inscribed World Heritage property.[6]
Game or sport
Cricket[7]
Did you know?
Grenada is often called the Isle of Spice and is known for nutmeg, cinnamon and vanilla.[2]
Sources (7)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Grenada (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Grenada (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Grenada Tourism Authority · www.puregrenada.com/experiences/culinary/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gd (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Guatemala

Guatemala

Central America#guatemala

Capital
Guatemala City[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
Mountains across the middle of the country, with the Petén lowlands in the north[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Food
Pepián, a stew declared part of the national intangible cultural heritage (2007)[5]
Festival or tradition
Holy Week (Semana Santa), a tradition observed by many Catholics in Guatemala, with processions Religious festival[6]
Landmark
Tikal National Park UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Did you know?
In Santiago Sacatepéquez and Sumpango, people make giant kites by hand.[8]

Read the full Guatemala guide

Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Guatemala (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Guatemala (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias (government news agency) · agn.gt/preparan-segundo-festival-departamental-del-pepian/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/holy-week-in-guatemala-01854 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gt (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/technique-of-making-the-giant-kites-of-santiago-sacatepequez-and-sumpango-guatemala-01991 (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Haiti

Haiti

Caribbean#haiti

Capital
Port-au-Prince[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1][2]
Landform or river
Artibonite River, the longest river[2]
Languages
Haitian Creole (official), French (official)[2]
Say hello
Bonjour bohn-ZHOOR (French) Haitian Creole greeting not yet sourced; add it when an authoritative reference is found.[4]
Food
Joumou soup (squash soup)[5]
Festival or tradition
Compas, a Haitian music and dance Tradition[6]
Landmark
National History Park – Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Did you know?
Haiti became independent in 1804, after enslaved people rose up against French rule.[2]

Read the full Haiti guide

Sources (7)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Haiti (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Haiti (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Larousse: bonjour · www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/bonjour (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/joumou-soup-01853 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/the-compas-of-haiti-02273 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ht (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Honduras

Honduras

Central America#honduras

Capital
Tegucigalpa[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
Mosquito Coast lowlands in the east[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Food
Cassava bread (casabe)[5]
Festival or tradition
Language, dance and music of the Garifuna Tradition[6]
Landmark
Maya Site of Copan UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Did you know?
More than three-fourths of Honduras is mountainous and wooded.[2]

Read the full Honduras guide

Sources (7)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Honduras (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Honduras (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-knowledge-and-practices-for-the-making-and-consumption-of-cassava-bread-02118 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/language-dance-and-music-of-the-garifuna-00001 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/hn (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Jamaica

Jamaica

Caribbean#jamaica

Capital
Kingston[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Blue Mountains[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Ackee and saltfish, the national dish[5]
Festival or tradition
Reggae music Tradition[6]
Landmark
Blue and John Crow Mountains UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Game or sport
Cricket[8]
Did you know?
Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean.[2]
Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Jamaica (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Jamaica Tourist Board · www.visitjamaica.com/blog/post/ackee-and-saltfish-in-jamaica/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/reggae-music-of-jamaica-01398 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/jm (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Mexico

Mexico

Central America#mexico

Capital
Mexico City[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
Citlaltépetl, the highest peak (5,610 m), a volcano[2]
Languages
Spanish (official), more than 50 Indigenous languages are also spoken[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Food
Traditional Mexican cuisine[5]
Festival or tradition
Day of the Dead (Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead) Festival[6]
Landmark
Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Game or sport
Charrería, the Mexican equestrian tradition[8]
Did you know?
Mexico City was built on the site of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán.[2]

Read the full Mexico guide

Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Mexico (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Mexico (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-mexican-cuisine-ancestral-ongoing-community-culture-the-michoacan-paradigm-00400 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/indigenous-festivity-dedicated-to-the-dead-00054 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/mx (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/charreria-equestrian-tradition-in-mexico-01108 (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Nicaragua

Nicaragua

Central America#nicaragua

Capital
Managua[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
Lake Nicaragua[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Festival or tradition
El Güegüense, a traditional street theatre with music and dance Tradition[5]
Landmark
León Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage site[6]
Did you know?
About 40 volcanoes run along its Pacific coast.[2]
Sources (6)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Nicaragua (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Nicaragua (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/el-gueguense-00111 (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ni (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Panama

Panama

Central America#panama

Capital
Panama City[2][3]RAE lists the capital simply as "Panamá".
Neighbors (land borders)
[1]
Landform or river
A narrow country between the Caribbean Sea (north) and the Pacific Ocean (south)[2]
Languages
Spanish (official)[2]
Say hello
Hola OH-lah (Spanish) [4]
Food
Sancocho, a chicken stew with yam and culantro, considered a national dish[5]
Festival or tradition
Dances performed for Corpus Christi, a feast observed by many Catholics in Panama Religious festival[6]
Landmark
Panama Canal[2]
Did you know?
The Panama Canal opened in 1914.[2]
Sources (6)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Panama (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Panama (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario de la lengua española: hola · dle.rae.es/hola (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Smithsonian Magazine: Panama's sancocho · www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/panamas-sancocho-is-a-soup-that-can-cure-it-all-180980283/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage · ich.unesco.org/en/RL/dances-and-expressions-associated-with-the-corpus-christi-festivity-01612 (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Caribbean#saint-kitts-and-nevis

Capital
Basseterre[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Volcanic mountains rising to 1,156 m[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
The national dish: stewed saltfish, spicy plantains, seasoned breadfruit and coconut dumplings[5]
Festival or tradition
Sugar Mas, the national carnival, held in November and December Festival[6]
Landmark
Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Game or sport
Cricket[8]
Did you know?
Both islands are volcanic in origin.[2]
Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Government of St Kitts and Nevis: National Symbols · www.gov.kn/skn-national-symbols/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. SKNIS, Government of St Kitts and Nevis · www.sknis.gov.kn/2022/09/30/sugar-mas-51-official-events-calendar (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kn (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia

Caribbean#saint-lucia

Capital
Castries[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Mount Gimie (958.6 m), the highest point[2]
Languages
English (official), French patois is also spoken[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Green fig (green banana) and saltfish, the national dish[5]
Festival or tradition
Lucian Carnival, held in mid-July Festival[6]
Landmark
Pitons Management Area UNESCO World Heritage site[7]
Game or sport
Cricket[8]
Did you know?
At Sulphur Springs, a volcanic area, the ground still lets out steam and gases.[2]
Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Lucia (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Saint-Lucia (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Saint Lucia Tourism Authority · stlucia.org/en/blog/culinary/green-fig-and-saltfish-the-taste-that-helps-you-understand-saint-lucia/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. Government of Saint Lucia · www.govt.lc/news/sizzling-deals-for-saint-lucia-carnival (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/lc (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Caribbean#saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines

Capital
Kingstown[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
Soufrière volcano (1,234 m), the highest mountain[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Food
Roasted breadfruit and fried jackfish, the national dish[5][6]
Festival or tradition
Vincy Mas (carnival) Festival[5]
Landmark
La Soufrière National ParkOn the UNESCO Tentative List (not inscribed).[7]
Game or sport
Cricket[5][8]
Did you know?
The country is made up of the island of Saint Vincent and the northern Grenadines.[2]
Sources (8)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · www.gov.vc/index.php/citizens/culture-recreation (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Tourism Authority · discoversvg.com/events/north-leeward-breadfruit-festival/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/vc (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago

Caribbean#trinidad-and-tobago

Capital
Port of Spain[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
No land borders[2]
Landform or river
One of the world's largest supplies of natural asphalt[2]
Languages
English (official)[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [4]
Landmark
La Brea Pitch LakeOn the UNESCO Tentative List (not inscribed). Trinidad and Tobago has no inscribed World Heritage property.[5]
Game or sport
Cricket[6]
Did you know?
The Caroni Swamp bird sanctuary is home to flamingos, egrets and scarlet ibises.[2]
Sources (6)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/Trinidad-and-Tobago (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tt (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. Encyclopaedia Britannica: cricket · www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Flag of United States

United States

Northern America#united-states

Capital
Washington, D.C.[2][3]
Neighbors (land borders)
[4][5]
Landform or river
Mississippi River system[2]
Languages
English (predominant), Spanish[2]
Say hello
Hello heh-LOH (English) [6]
Festival or tradition
Independence Day (July 4), a federal holiday National holiday[7]
Landmark
Grand Canyon National Park UNESCO World Heritage site[8]
Game or sport
Baseball, often called the "national pastime"[9]
Did you know?
The United States made the first crewed Moon landing, in 1969.[2]

Read the full United States guide

Sources (9)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/United-States (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannica (summary) · www.britannica.com/summary/United-States (accessed 2026-10-26)
  3. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  4. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Canada (accessed 2026-10-26)
  5. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Mexico (accessed 2026-10-26)
  6. Merriam-Webster: hello · www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hello (accessed 2026-10-26)
  7. U.S. Office of Personnel Management: Federal holidays · www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/federal-holidays/ (accessed 2026-10-26)
  8. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (State Party page) · whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/us (accessed 2026-10-26)
  9. Encyclopaedia Britannica: baseball · www.britannica.com/sports/baseball (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Territories and other places

These places are not UN member or observer states. Each is shown with a neutral note from the sources.

Greenland

#greenland

Status
Part of the Kingdom of Denmark, with its own home-rule government responsible for most domestic affairs; not a UN member state.[1][2]
Administered by
Denmark[1][2]
Main city or capital
Nuuk[1][2]
Sources (2)
  1. Encyclopaedia Britannica · www.britannica.com/place/Greenland (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. IBGE, Atlas Geográfico Escolar: América do Norte (político) · atlasescolar.ibge.gov.br/images/mapas/pdf/continentes-e-regioes-do-mundo-america-do-norte-politico-p-43.pdf (accessed 2026-10-26)

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Puerto Rico

#puerto-rico

Status
A territory of the United States (Estado Libre Asociado), not a sovereign country.[1][2]
Administered by
United States[1][2]
Main city or capital
San Juan[1][2]

Read the full Puerto Rico guide

Sources (2)
  1. RAE-ASALE, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: Países y capitales, con sus gentilicios · www.rae.es/dpd/ayuda/paises-y-capitales-con-sus-gentilicios (accessed 2026-10-26)
  2. IBGE, Atlas Geográfico Escolar: América Central e Caribe (político) · atlasescolar.ibge.gov.br/images/mapas/pdf/continentes-e-regioes-do-mundo-america-central-e-caribe-politico-p-45.pdf (accessed 2026-10-26)

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